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Haldeman notes that Davison’s article is what inspired him to work in this arena. Haldeman calls “the first truthful article about conversion therapy,” which proposed that mental health experts “stop offering therapy to help homosexuals change and concentrate instead on improving the quality of their interpersonal relationships.”ĭr. In 1976, Davison - now a professor of psychology and gerontology at the University of Southern California - published what Dr. Haldeman says: “Rather, it’s society that brings stress and unhappiness to gay people because of rejection and marginalization and fear of losing your job and your family.” However, the psychologist who developed Playboy therapy, Gerald Davison, renounced it in the 1970s, claiming it was wrong and that homosexuality was not a mental illness, Dr. Patients of aversion therapy were also sometimes dosed with nausea-inducing drugs, Dr.
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This became known as “Playboy therapy,” he explains. Then, a picture of a Playboy centerfold would be presented to the patient - without any accompanying shock - in the hopes that they would come to favor heterosexuality. A new method known as aversion therapy emerged, Elise Chenier, a history professor at Simon Fraser University in British Columbia, tells Teen Vogue.įor example, gay men would be shown homoerotic photos and simultaneously electrically shocked on their hands or their genitals, Dr. In the 1960s, as mental health experts apparently grew frustrated with talk therapy’s limited ability to achieve deep and lasting change in gay patients, the world of conversion therapy took a drastic turn.
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Homosexuality was officially deemed a mental disorder in 1952 when the American Psychiatric Association (APA) listed it in its first-ever Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). Though it wasn’t called conversion therapy at the time, various methods to “cure” individuals of “homosexuality” were developed in the early half of the century, including extreme techniques such as testicular implants from “heterosexual” donors, lobotomies, and electroconvulsive therapy. “Therefore, it was thought of as a form of mental illness, or pathologized.”
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“The work of Sigmund Freud was used to validate a cultural view that homosexuality was abnormal,” he tells Teen Vogue. The roots of the method reach back to the early 20th century when psychology and psychiatry were both still in their infancy, according to Douglas Haldeman, PhD, a psychologist, activist, and expert on conversion therapy. To understand how such an inhumane practice first emerged - and how it can largely continue undeterred in the 21st century - Teen Vogue looked at the genesis and evolution of conversion therapy.
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According to a January study by the Williams Institute, an LGBT research group at the UCLA School of Law, an estimated 698,000 LGBT adults in the United States have received conversion therapy and 20,000 LGBT youth ages 13 to 17 will undergo conversion therapy from a licensed healthcare professional before they turn 18. Although such therapy has been discredited by modern medicine and most of mainstream society, it still persists.